Entringer (12)
|
2011 Germany
|
Severe stress in pregnancy
|
Case control, N = 94; mother with stress (n = 45) and without stress (n = 49)
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, gender, BMI, socioeconomic status, birth weight, childhood stress, disease, smoking, risk during pregnancy
|
Severe stress was significantly associated with shorter telomere length in the children as young adults
|
Entringer (13)
|
2013 USA
|
Pregnancy-specific stress during pregnancy
|
Cross-section, N = 27, mother-newborn dyads
|
UCB
PCR
|
Gestational age at birth, pregnancy complications, birth weight, gender
|
Shorter telomere length in newborns was significantly associated with pregnancy-specific stress
|
Asok (14)
|
2013 USA
|
Parental caregiving ability and responsivity
|
Case control, N = 89 children at risk of abuse (n = 51) and not at risk (n = 38)
|
BM
PCR
|
Socioeconomic status, birth weight, gender, minority background
|
High-risk children had significantly shorter telomeres. Responsive parents moderated the association between telomere length and risk
|
Brody (15)
|
2015 USA
|
Parental caregiving ability (supportive/non-supportive)
|
Case control, N = 216 adolescents; Intervention (n = 114)/no intervention (n = 102)
|
PB
PCR
|
Gender, socioeconomic status, current stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, blood pressure
|
Shorter telomere length at the age of 22 years was significantly associated with non-supportive parenting style at the age of 17, but only in the control group
|
Tyrka (22)
|
2010 USA
|
5 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Cross-section, N = 31
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, smoking, BMI, hormonal contraception, minority background, socioeconomic status, current stress
|
Adverse childhood experience was significantly associated with shorter telomere length
|
Glass (20)
|
2010 England
|
3 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Cohort, N = 1 871
|
PB
SB
|
Age, gender, smoking, BMI
|
No relationship found between adverse childhood experiences and telomere length
|
Kananen¹ (21)
|
2010 Finland
|
11 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Case control, N = 974; with anxiety (n = 321)/control (n = 653)
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, gender
|
Adverse childhood experiences were significantly associated in a dose-response relationship with shorter telomere length in both groups
|
Surtees¹ (25)
|
2011 England
|
8 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Cross-section, N = 4 441 women
|
PB
PCR
|
Health, socioeconomic status, overweight, smoking
|
Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with increasing numbers of adverse childhood experiences
|
O’Donovan (24)
|
2011 USA
|
5 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Case control, N = 90; PTSD (n = 43)/control (n = 47)
|
PB
PCR
|
Age
|
Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with adverse childhood experiences in persons with post-traumatic stress disorder
|
Kiecolt-Glaser (23)
|
2011 USA
|
11 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Case control (subgroup), N = 86; care of individuals with dementia/controls
|
PB
SB
|
Age, gender, BMI, caregiving responsibility
|
Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with adverse events in childhood, but not with abuse, in both groups
|
Savolainen (27)
|
2014 Finland
|
1 type of adverse childhood experience
|
Cross section, N = 1 486
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, gender, sample quality (DNA), health, BMI, socioeconomic status (adult and childhood), smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, mother’s age
|
Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with adverse childhood experiences (evacuation as children) in persons with later traumatic experience in addition.
|
Zalli (28)
|
2014 England
|
5 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Cross section, N = 333
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, gender, socioeconomic satus, BMI
|
Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with loss of mother as a child, but not with other types of adverse childhood experience
|
Jodczyk (26)
|
2014 New Zealand
|
4 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Birth cohort, N = 677
|
PB
PCR
|
Gender, minority, socioeconomic status at birth
|
There was no association between telomere length and adverse childhood experience
|
Tyrka¹ (29)
|
2015 USA
|
6 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Cross section, N = 290
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, gender, socioeconomic status (adult and childhood), BMI
|
Adverse childhood experience was significantly associated with shorter telomere length
|
Drury (16)
|
2012 Romania
|
1 type of adverse childhood experience
|
Randomised, controlled, N = 136 children; children’s home (n = 68)/foster home (n = 68)
|
BM
PCR
|
Intervention, gender, birth weight, age
|
Shorter telomere length at the age of 6 – 10 years was significantly correlated with adverse childhood experience (time spent in orphanage before the age of four)
|
Shalev (17)
|
2013 England
|
3 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Cohort, N = 236 children
|
BM
PCR
|
Telomere length at the age of 5 years, gender, socioeconomic status in childhood, BMI
|
Significantly increased loss of telomere length at the age of 5 – 10 years was demonstrated in connection with experience of two or more adverse childhood experiences (various types of violence)
|
Mitchell¹ (19)
|
2014 USA
|
5 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Cohort (sub-group), N = 40 children
|
BM
PCR
|
Age, minority, gender, BMI
|
Shorter telomere lengths were significantly associated with adverse childhood experiences and low socioeconomic status
|
Drury (18)
|
2014 USA
|
3 types of adverse childhood experience
|
Cross section, N = 80
|
BM
PCR
|
Gender, age, mother’s and father’s age at conception, minority, socioeconomic status as child
|
Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with adverse childhood experience, but only in girls in a dose-response relationship
|
Adams (30)
|
2006 England
|
Socioeconomic status – occupational class of the head of the household
|
Birth cohort, N = 318
|
PB
PCR
|
Smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, diet, gender, father’s age
|
There was no association between socioeconomic status at birth (sole measurement) and telomere length as an adult
|
Batty (31)
|
2009 Scotland
|
Socioeconomic status – height as adult
|
Case control, N = 1 542 men with coronary disease (n = 484)/ without coronary disease (n = 1 058)
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, smoking, BMI, alcohol intake, disease, statins
|
No association between socioeconomic status as a child and telomere length
|
Carroll (35)
|
2013 USA
|
Socioeconomic status – parents’ educational level
|
Cross section, N = 963
|
PB
PCR
|
Gender, age, minority, BMI, health, physical activity, smoking, diet.
|
Longer telomere length was siginificantly associated in Latin-Americans with a father with a low education, not associated with mother’s education.
|
Kajantie (32)
|
2012 Finland
|
Soscioeconomic status – father’s occupation (A, B), parents’ educational level (C)
|
Cohort, N = 2 376; 3 cohorts (A, B and C)
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, gender, mother’s age, socioeconomic status, smoking
|
Socioeconomic status as a child was associated with a shorter telomere length in A and B (n = 2 142), not in C (n = 334).
|
Robertson (34)
|
2012 Scotland
|
Socioeconomic status – parents’ occupational class, insecure family economy, own car, subjective socioeconomic status
|
Cohort, N = 2 185; born in the 1930s (A), 1950s (B) and 1970s (C)
|
PB
PCR
|
Gender
|
Shorter telomere length was associated with low socioeconomic status (parents’ occupational class, own car) in childhood in C (n = 755), but not in A and B
|
Cohen (36)
|
2013 USA
|
Socioeconomic status – parents owned home
|
Cross section, N = 135
|
PB
PCR
|
Age, gender, minority, BMI, neuroticism
|
Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with fewer childhood years (5 – 18) where parents did not own their own home
|
Needham (33)
|
2012 USA
|
Socioeconomic status – parents’ educational level and income
|
Cross section, N = 70 children
|
PB
PCR
|
Gender, age, minority, diet, physical activity, BMI
|
Shorter telomere length significantly associated with parents with low education, not with income
|
Theall (37)
|
2013 USA
|
Socioeconomic status – poverty and neighbourhood disorder
|
Cross section, N = 99
|
BM
PCR
|
Gender, age, number of children in the family, socioeconomic status, number of years lived in neighbourhood
|
Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with living in a neighbourhood with a high level of disorder and poverty
|
[i]
|