Screening for symptoms of depression and anxiety in a cardiology department

Torkil Berge; Bente Bull-Hansen; Erik Ekker Solberg; Else Resser Heyerdahl; Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen; Leif Erik Vinge; Marit Aarønæs; Erik Øie; Ingrid Hyldmo

doi:10.4045/tidsskr.18.0570

Screening for symptoms of depression and anxiety in a cardiology department

Torkil Berge, Bente Bull-Hansen, Erik Ekker Solberg, Else Resser Heyerdahl, Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen, Leif Erik Vinge, Marit Aarønæs, Erik Øie, Ingrid Hyldmo About the authors

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Torkil Berge

E-mail: torkil.berge@diakonsyk.no

Department of Adult Psychiatry Vinderen

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

He has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Solberg, Heyerdahl, Vinge, Aarønæs, Øie and Hyldmo, he has had main responsibility for data collection.

Torkil Berge, specialist in clinical psychology and professional development advisor.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

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Bente Bull-Hansen

Department of Adult Psychiatry Vinderen

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

She has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Jørgensen, she has had the main responsibility for data analysis.

Bente Bull-Hansen, MD and researcher.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

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Erik Ekker Solberg

Department of Internal Medicine

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

He has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Berge, Heyerdahl, Vinge, Aarønæs, Øie and Hyldmo, he has had the main responsibility for data collection.

Erik Ekker Solberg, MD, PhD, specialist in internal medicine and cardiology, senior consultant.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

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Else Resser Heyerdahl

Department of Adult Psychiatry Vinderen

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

She has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Berge, Solberg, Vinge, Aarønæs, Øie and Hyldmo she has had the main responsibility for data collection.

Else Resser Heyerdahl, clinical psychologist.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

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Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen

Department of Adult Psychiatry Vinderen

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

He has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Bull-Hansen, he has had the main responsibility for data analysis.

Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen, specialist in clinical psychology and post-doctoral fellow.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

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Leif Erik Vinge

Department of Internal Medicine

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

He has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Berge, Solberg, Heyerdahl, Aarønæs, Øie and Hyldmo, he has had the main responsibility for data collection.

Leif Erik Vinge, MD, PhD, specialist in internal medicine and cardiology, senior consultant.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

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Marit Aarønæs

Department of Internal Medicine

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

She has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Berge, Solberg, Heyerdahl, Vinge, Øie and Hyldmo, she has had the main responsibility for data collection.

Marit Aarønæs, PhD, specialist in internal medicine and cardiology, senior consultant.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

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Erik Øie

Department of Internal Medicine

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

He has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Berge, Solberg, Heyerdahl, Vinge, Aarønæs and Hyldmo, he has had the main responsibility for data collection.

Erik Øie, MD, PhD, specialist in internal medicine and cardiology, senior consultant.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

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Ingrid Hyldmo

Department of Adult Psychiatry Vinderen

Diakonhjemmet Hospital

She has contributed to the design of the study and the research questions, data interpretation, drafting of the manuscript and approval of the submitted manuscript version. With Berge, Solberg, Heyerdahl, Vinge, Aarønæs and Øie, she has had the main responsibility for data collection.

Ingrid Hyldmo, specialist in clinical psychology.

The author has completed the ICMJE form and declares no conflicts of interest.

Summary

BACKGROUND

Depression and anxiety are common in patients with cardiac disease and predict a poorer prognosis, increased mortality and reduced compliance with treatment. National and international guidelines recommend procedures for screening, but there is a lack of studies of such practices in Norwegian hospitals. The objective of this study was to implement a simple screening method for symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with cardiac disease.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Patients in the Department of Cardiology at Diakonhjemmet Hospital who had valvular heart disease, tachyarrhythmia, myocardial infarction or heart failure were screened for symptoms of depression, anxiety and panic attacks with the aid of five questions from the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2) and Patient Health Questionnaire – Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales (PHQ-SADS). The patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic or ward at least one month after acute heart disease.

RESULTS

A total of 57 of 232 patients reported symptoms of depression or anxiety when screened. The screening method was easy to implement, but time constraints and uncertainty regarding procedures for follow-up and the effect of following up the patients were reported.

INTERPRETATION

Good tools and methods are available for screening for symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with cardiac disease. More studies are needed regarding the benefits of screening, at what stage of the disease it should be performed, and whether it should be performed by the primary and/or the specialist health services.

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Symptoms of depression and anxiety are common in patients with cardiac disease (1, 2). Depressive symptoms are associated with increased mortality (3), reduced quality of life (4), increased use and increased cost of health services (5) and reduced opportunities for returning to work (6). According to the American Heart Association (7), depression is a negative prognostic factor at all stages of the disease (8). Depressive symptoms are also associated with other cardiac risk factors, such as smoking, poor diet and overweight, and predict reduced physical activity and poorer compliance with drug-based treatment regimens (9).

Depression is often a recurring disorder with onset during adolescence or early adulthood, and only a minority of the patients experience their first depressive episode in connection with the cardiac disease (10). Depression is therefore both a risk factor in a life-course perspective, in common with smoking, and a factor that may help trigger and exacerbate acute cardiac disease and reduce the patient’s ability to cope with the illness. Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced quality of life after myocardial infarction, an unhealthy lifestyle and weakened compliance with treatment regimens (11). The risk may increase additively when depression and anxiety disorder coincide (12).

The American Heart Association (7) and European guidelines (13), including the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (14) and the Norwegian Directorate of Health (15), recommend procedures for screening for depression in cases of cardiac disease. There is sound evidence that treatment may improve mental health, functioning and quality of life (16, 17). A Cochrane review similarly concluded that a reduction in mortality from cardiac disease was possible, while pointing out that the evidence base here is uncertain (17). The American Heart Association (7) and the Norwegian Directorate of Health (15) recommend two screening questions for symptoms of depression, the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). These questions have been shown to be an independent predictor of mortality from heart failure up to four years after hospitalisation (18). NICE recommends screening with the use of two questions on symptoms of anxiety, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2) (19).

Although screening for symptoms of depression and anxiety is recommended in patients with cardiac disease, it is rarely done in practice. Experience from a study at the cardiology ward, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, where the nurses used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) as a screening tool, indicated that screening is time-consuming in a busy hospital ward, and that the methods need to be simple (20). We wished to try out a simple procedure that involved oral questions, mainly asked by cardiologists. Moreover, we wished to screen outpatients, the largest group of patients in a cardiology department. Admitted patients were included a minimum of one month after discharge, not during hospitalisation as in the study referred to above (20). This was done to ensure that the reported symptoms of anxiety and depression were not overly influenced by ongoing stress during hospitalisation. The main objective was to assess a simple method for screening for symptoms of depression and anxiety among patients with cardiac disease.

Material and method

Sample

The study was carried out at the Department of Cardiology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, in Oslo during the period 1 January–28 June 2017. The inclusion criteria were patients older than 18 years with a main diagnosis of valvular heart disease (I34–I37), tachyarrhythmia (I47–I49), myocardial infarction (I21, I22) or heart failure (I50). The patients were recruited on an ongoing basis until there were a minimum of 50 patients in each diagnostic group. The exclusion criteria were severe mental disorder, substance abuse, lack of capacity to provide informed consent or lack of ability to read and/or understand Norwegian.

Study design and screening tools

The study consisted of a screening component and subsequent follow-up identification and assessment by a clinical psychologist where this was indicated (Figure 1). PHQ-2 (21) and GAD-2 (22) were used as screening tools for symptoms of depression and anxiety respectively. In addition, the patient answered a yes/no question on panic attacks from the Patient Health Questionnaire – Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales (PHQ-SADS) (21) (Table 1). Patients from the outpatient clinic were screened by oral questioning during an appointment at the clinic – mainly by a cardiologist, but in some cases by a nurse. Admitted patients signed a consent form during hospitalisation and were screened over the telephone by a clinical psychologist one month after discharge. A score of ≥ 2 points on the PHQ-2 and/or the GAD-2, and/or an affirmative answer to the question on panic attacks were cut-off values values, aiming to achieve a high sensitivity to symptoms (23).

Figure 1 Flowchart of patients assessed for inclusion, excluded and included patients, and patients who scored above the cut-off value and went on to further assessment and identification. PHQ-2 = Patient Health Questionnaire-2. GAD-2 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2. HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Table 1

Screening for symptoms of depression, anxiety and panic attacks at the Department of Cardiology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital (n = 232). PHQ-2 = Patient Health Questionnaire-2. PHQ-SADS = Patient Health Questionnaire – Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales. GAD-2 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2.

Screening for symptoms of depression, anxiety and panic attacks at the Department of Cardiology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital (n = 232). PHQ-2 = Patient Health Questionnaire-2. PHQ-SADS = Patient Health Questionnaire – Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales. GAD-2 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2.

	Not at all	Several days	More than half the days	Nearly every day	No	Yes
Little interest or pleasure in doing things? (PHQ-2, n = 232)	172	39	10	11	-	-
Feeling down, depressed or hopeless? (PHQ-2, n = 232)	163	46	7	16	-	-
Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge? (GAD-2, n = 232)	171	42	7	12	-	-
Not being able to stop or control worrying? (GAD-2, n = 231)	193	19	6	13	-	-
In the last four weeks, have you had an anxiety attack (suddenly feeling fear or panic)? (PHQ-SADS, n = 230)	-	-	-	-	218	12

To obtain more information on the severity of the reported symptoms, patients who scored above the cut-off value were also assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). If they were screened by a clinical psychologist one month after discharge, they were immediately followed up with the HADS. If they were screened by a cardiologist or a nurse at the outpatient clinic, HADS was completed a few days later by a clinical psychologist over the telephone. HADS omits questions about somatic symptoms of depression and anxiety that may be confused with symptoms of cardiac disease. Two sub-scales target symptoms of depression (HADS-D) and anxiety (HADS-A) respectively. A cut-off value of ≥ 4 for HADS-D and/or HADS-A has been used in studies of different patient groups (24). Patients who scored above this cut-off value were asked supplementary questions about the impact of their symptoms on functioning (Table 2).

Table 2

Supplementary questions for further identification of patients with symptoms of depression and anxiety (n = 41). n corresponds to the patients who scored above the cut-off value on the initial screening and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

Supplementary questions for further identification of patients with symptoms of depression and anxiety (n = 41). n corresponds to the patients who scored above the cut-off value on the initial screening and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

	Not difficult at all	A little difficult	Very difficult	Extremely difficult	No	Yes
In case of heart disease, it is normal to receive health advice on physical activity, dietary changes, cutting down on smoking and taking medicines as recommended. Do you feel that the mental symptoms that you have described here have made it more difficult to follow such advice in practice? (n = 36)	19	13	2	2	-	-
To what extent do you feel that the mental symptoms that you have described here have made it difficult for you to perform your work, deal with things at home or get along with others? (n = 36)	9	22	3	2	-	-
Have your next of kin expressed concern about the mental symptoms that you have described here? (n = 34)	-	-	-	-	17	17
Accompanied by someone close to you if relevant, would you like a session with a clinical psychologist on preventing and coping with mental symptoms associated with cardiac disease? (n = 41)	-	-	-	-	21	20

Ethics

The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC South-Eastern Norway, ref. no. 2016/1137) considered the study to be outside their mandate, but it was approved by the Data Protection Officer at Oslo University Hospital (ref. no. 2016/16558) and registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03203395). Written informed consent was collected from all patients.

Statistical analyses

The data were analysed using SPSS Statistics 21.0 and are reported descriptively.

Results

A total of 267 patients were assessed for inclusion, whereof 20 were excluded and 15 did not consent to participation or were excluded for reasons of time constraints (Figure 1). The final sample consisted of 232 patients, of whom 58 had valvular heart disease, 73 had tachyarrhythmia, 52 had myocardial infarction and 49 had heart failure. Altogether 161 (69 %) of the patients who participated in the screening were men, and the average age was 72 years (SD 11.3). A total of 173 (75 %) of the patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic and 59 (25 %) from the hospital ward. Altogether 57 (25 %) patients scored above the cut-off value when screened. Of these, 12 patients answered ‘yes’ to the question on panic attacks, and all of these simultaneously scored above the cut-off value in PHQ-2 and/or GAD-2 (Table 1).

Of the 57 patients who scored above the cut-off value in the screening, altogether 56 continued to further identification and assessment by a clinical psychologist (Figure 1). A total of 41 (73 %) of these also scored ≥ 4 on HADS-A and/or HADS-D. For 17 (47 %) patients, the mental symptoms had made it more difficult to comply with health advice in practice. For 27 (75 %) patients, the mental symptoms had made it more difficult for them to perform their work, deal with things at home or get along with others, and a total of 17 (50 %) of those asked had experienced that their next of kin had expressed concern for their mental state (Table 2).

Altogether 20 (49 %) of those 41 patients who scored above the cut-off value on the initial screening and HADS wanted counselling sessions with a clinical psychologist, and 9 (43 %) of those who did not want counselling sessions reported that they would like an opportunity for counselling at a later time (Table 2).

Discussion

The main conclusion is that we have suitable screening tools for symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with cardiac disease. The gap between the recommendations for routine screening on the one hand and what actually happens in clinical practice on the other is likely to have other causes. One such cause could be uncertainty as to whether the treatment of symptoms of depression and anxiety also contributes to increased survival for patients with cardiac disease (17).

Altogether 73 % of those who scored above the cut-off value on the screening questions also scored above the cut-off value on HADS. Other studies have found that a score of ≥ 2 points on PHQ-2 and/or GAD-2 is a suitable cut-off value for further assessment (25). Raising the cut-off value to ≥ 3 points may increase the risk of failing to identify patients in need of follow-up. No more than twelve patients answered ‘yes’ to the question on panic attacks, and all of them scored above the cut-off value in PHQ-2 and/or GAD-2, which may be an argument in favour of omitting this question (Table 1).

One limitation of this study is that we could not ascertain the number of patients who were not assessed for screening. Not all of the doctors in the department participated, and during periods of high workload screenings could sometimes not be performed. Measures to increase the proportion might be to include all relevant health personnel and ensure that patients who are not screened can be included at a later time. The proportion will increase even further if GPs also perform screening of those patients who receive such follow-up.

One advantage of having the specialist health services perform the screening is that it helps direct attention to the barriers to compliance that symptoms of depression and anxiety entail. Many of the patients in the study reported difficulties in complying with health advice (47 %) or performing work, dealing with things at home or getting along with others (75 %) (Table 2). A Norwegian study showed that few patients achieve an adequate reduction in their cardiovascular risk factors after a myocardial infarction (26). In case of a positive screening, health personnel can follow up with questions about the extent to which the symptoms hinder compliance.

It is important to ascertain when in the disease course screening should be performed, if at all, and whether it should be done by the specialist and/or primary health services. Attempting to perform screening at both levels would increase the likelihood of identifying relevant patients, and for coordinated treatment between service levels and between different primary health agencies (‘collaborative care’) (27). Screening can be performed on a routine basis while taking patient history and can also be carried out by nurses. Moreover, many cardiologists find it natural to ask questions about the mental burden associated with cardiac disease, and to view the person in a holistic way.

By asking questions about mental symptoms one opens up a topic that may require further follow-up. It is thus essential to have a strategy for what to do if the patient answers in the affirmative. Internal referral in the hospital or communicating this information to the patient’s GP may represent such strategies. In addition, the patient may be asked the same questions again in a later consultation, especially in case of problems with compliance. Here, one might provide information that measures recommended for heart disease also can prevent mental symptoms. These include regular physical exercise, avoiding isolation and passivity, freeing oneself from depressing thoughts and establishing a daily routine of meaningful activities. Systematic screening may thus provide a good basis for beneficial support measures.

The article has been peer reviewed.

Main Findings

Main findings

Symptoms of depression and anxiety were reported by one-quarter of all patients with cardiac disease.

The screening tools for symptoms of depression and anxiety were easy to use in a cardiology department.

Time constraints, uncertainty about benefits and procedures for follow-up of the patient can be barriers to implementation of screening.

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Comments

This article was published more than 12 months ago and we have therefore closed it for new comments.

Published: 8 October 2019

Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2019

doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0570

Received 6.7.2018, first revision submitted 15.12.2018, accepted 23.5.2019.

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Screening for symptoms of depression and anxiety in a cardiology department

BACKGROUND

MATERIAL AND METHOD

RESULTS

INTERPRETATION

Material and method

Sample

Study design and screening tools

Supplementary questions for further identification of patients with symptoms of depression and anxiety (n = 41). n corresponds to the patients who scored above the cut-off value on the initial screening and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

Ethics

Statistical analyses

Results

Discussion

Main findings

Comments

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Stramt tungebånd hos nyfødte